ie`w ]qhnð tNÀóncn¡pt¼mÄ ]cmKWw \S¡póp. ]cmKWw P\nXI hn\nabamWv. hn\nab¯nsâ ASnØm\ LSI§Ä DÅS¡hpw am[yahpamWv. ssPh hnhc§Ä sNSnbnð \nópw ]qhneqsS hn¯nte¡pw hn¯nð \nópw asämcp sNSnbnte¡pw hn\nabw sN¿s¸Spóp. Hmtcm ssPhtcWphnepw sNSnbpsS ssPh Ncn{XamsI DÅS§nbncn¡póp.


P\nXI hn\nabw PohnIÄ¡v s]mXpsh DÅXmWv. sNSnbpw ie`hpw InfnIfpw a\pjy\pw kÀhNcmNc§fpw ssPhhn\nab¯nsâ sshhn[yamÀó XpSÀ¨bmWv. A\kyqXamb Cu hn\nab {]{Inb FhnsS XpS§n FhnsS Ahkm\n¡pw FóXn\v Hcp \nÝbhpanñ.


sshhn[yamÀó ssPh hn\nab¯nsâ ss\c´cy¯nse Hcp kzm`mhnIX am{XamWv a\pjy³. a\pjy³ Akz`mhnIamIpóXv Ah³/Ä kwkmcn¡pt¼mgmWv. XnI¨pw ssPhnIamb ssPhh\nab¯n\v A\p]qcIambv BWps]®nt\mSpw s]®v BWnt\mSpw Rm³ \nsó {]Wbn¡póp Fóp ]dbpóXv asämcp hn\nabamWv. a\pjy\v am{Xw {]tXyIamb `mjmhn\nabw. ssPhmXoXambXpw Fómð ssPhnIXsb D]Pnhn¨psImïpw DÅ Hcp kmaqlnI hn\nabamWv `mj.


`mj þ ssPhnIhpw kmaqlnIhpw

`mj ssPhnIamhpóXv `mjm BÀÖ\s¯bpw {]tbmKs¯bpw km[yam¡pó Hcp ssPh aÞew a\pjy\nð DÅXpsImïmWv. CXns\bmWv sNmwkvIn emtKzPv AIznknj³ Unsshkkv Fóv hnfn¡póXv. CsXmcp ]cnIev]\ am{Xañ bYmÀ°yamWv. \mw Hmtcmcp¯cpw P\n¡póXv Cu Unsshkpambn«mWv. hfcpóXv GsX¦nepw Hcp `mjm kmlNcy¯nepw AXp sImïmWv \msamcp `mj BÀÖn¡póXpw AdnbpóXpw kwkmcn¡póXpw. Cu Adnbens\ tIm\zoä³kv FómWv ]dbpI. Adnª `mj D]tbmKn¡ens\ s]Àt^ma³kv Fópw . `mj Adnbm³ \s½ {]m]vXam¡pó Cu ssPh aÞew P\nXIambv hn\nabw sN¿s¸Spóp. Xeapdbnð \nópw Xeapdbnte¡v Cu ssPhaÞes¯ Hmtcm Xeapdbnepw F¯n¡pó Pot\mssS¸v GsXóv C\nbpw Isï¯nbn«nñ.


kmaqlnI kz`mhamWv `mjbntesdbpw Fóncpómepw `mj Hcp HmÀ½s¸Sp¯ð IqSnbmWv . ssPhnIXsb HmÀ½s¸Sp¯ð. AXpsImïmWv \mw Cãw, {]Wbw Fóo hm¡pIÄ IqSpXð Cãs¸SpóXv. \nsó F\n¡nãamsWóv BWv s]®nt\mSpw s]®v BWnt\mSpw ]dbpóXv HtcmÀ½s¸Sp¯emWv. AXmbXv Fónepw \nónepw s]mXphmb Hóv Poh\msWó, ssPh hn\nabamsWó HmÀ½s¸Sp¯ð. A\´amb ssPh{]bmW¯nse ssPh_nµp¡fmsWóv \msaó HmÀ½s¸Sp¯ð. ie`w sNSnsb HmÀas¸Sp¯póXpw CXp XsóbmWv. Cu HmÀ½s¸Sp¯eneqsSbmWv a\pjy³ {]IrXnbnte¡v Xncn¨phcnI. AXmbXv ssPh {]bmW¯nte¡v Xncn¨phcnI. AXpsImïmWv {]Wbm`yÀ°\bnð \mw ]chicmIpóXpw ]cn`hn¡póXpw. AXpsImïmWv Pqenbm {InkvtXh hm¡v amwkmamIpsaóp ]dbpóXv.


`mjbmWv a\pjys\ kmaqlnIPohbm¡pI. AYhm kmaqlnI PohnXamWv iÐs¯ `mjbm¡pI. `mjbnse kmaqlnI Xew hm¡nsâ AÀ°aÞeamWv. hm¡nsâ AÀ°hpw hm¡nsâ am[yahpamb iÐhpw X½nepÅ _Ôw tIhew [mcW am{XamWv. AÀ°hpw iÐhpw tNÀó `mjbnse Hcp LSIs¯ NnÓw (sign)FómWv ]dbpI. Hmtcm NnÓ¯nepw cïp LSI§fpïv. NnÓ¯nsâ iÐcq]amb kqNIw(signifier) AÀ° D ÅS¡amb kqNnXw(Signified) . bmYmÀ°yw NnÓ¯n\v ]pd¯mWv. ( Nn{Xw 1)
 

AXpsImïmWv `mj bmYmÀ°ys¯ \nÀ½n¡póp Fóp ]dbpI. C§s\ Hóne[nIw Nn tNÀóv \nÀ½n¡póXns\bmWv ]mTw (Text) Fóp ]dbpI. bmYmÀ°yw ]mT¯n\p ]pd¯mWv. DZmlcWambv Rm³ \nsó kvt\ln¡póp Fóv ]dbpt¼mÄ kvt\lw FóXp Xsó Hcp AaqÀ¯]mTamIpóp. C¯cw Ipsd AaqÀ¯XIsf \nÀ½n¨mWv `mj PohnX¯nsâ ]mTw \nÀ½n¡pI. kvt\lw FóXv aqÀ¯amb Hcp bmYmÀ°yambn \nð¡pt¼mįsóbmWv `mjbv¡v asämcp bmYmÀ°ys¯ \nÀ½n¡m³ IgnbpI. A§s\ `mj \nÀ½n¡póXv Hcp {]XoXn bmYmÀ°yamWv. Hcp NnÓ\ temIamWv (semiotic world). FkvIntamIÄ¡v {]XyIXcw aªns\ Xncn¨dnbm³ Ccp]¯naqtómfw hm¡pIÄ Dïv. acp`qanbnð Pohn¡póhÀ¡v hyXykvXXcw H«I§sf Xncn¨dnbm³ Aône[nIw hm¡pIfpïv. Fómð Chbvs¡ñmw \ap¡v Hä hm¡pam{Xw. C§s\ Hmtcm `mjbpw bmYmÀ°ys¯ ]än Hmtcm]mT§sfbmWv \nÀ½n¡pI. Nn {]hÀ¯\ \ncXamIpt¼mgmWv ]mTw Dcp¯ncnbpI.


]mT¯n\v Ipd¨pIqSn hym]vXnbpÅ \nÀhN\apïv. hyJym\n¡s¸SpósXñmw ]mT§fmWv. {]]ôs¯bmsI Hcp ]mTamsbSp¡mw. {]]ôs¯]än \mw \S¯pó Hmtcm hymJym\hpw Hmtcm ]mT§fmWv. AXpsImïv Hmtcm imkv{XÚ\pw Hmtcm ]mT§sfbmWv \nÀ½n¡pI. \yq«\v {]]ôw bm{´nIamWv. \yq«¬ {]]ôs¯ Hcp henb b{´ambn hyJym\n¨p. AXv \yq«sâ ]mTw. sF³Ìo\v {]]ôw DuÀÖamWv. AXv sF³Ìosâ ]mTw. tjmUnKÀ¡nXv IWnIbmWv. AXv tjmUnKdpsS ]mTw. Hmtcmcp¯cpw Hmtcm ]mT§sfbmWv \nÀ½n¡pI. Hmtcm ]mT§Ä¡pw AXXnsâ `mjbpw Dïv. AXpsImïv Hónð \nópw asämóv sa¨saóv ]dbpIbpw h¿. Fómð bmYmÀ°yw \nÀ½n¡s¸Spó ]mT§Ä¡p ]pd¯mWv.


]mT§sf\nÀ½n¡póXpw \ntj[n¡póXpw ]Icw \nÀ½n¡póXpw `mjbneqsSbmWv. AXpsImïmWv `mjbv¡v ]pd¯v Hópanñsbóv ZcnZ ]dbpóXv. imkv{Xhn¹h¯nsâ LS\ Fóv ]pkvXI¯nð Ip³ ]dbpóXpw C¯cw ]mT§sf ]änbmWv. ]mcssUw Fó asämcp hm¡v D]bmKn¡póp Ftó hyXymkapÅq. a\pjys\ó \nebnð \ap¡n\n F´p sN¿m³ Ignbpw? \nÀ½n¨psImïncn¡pI, \nÀ½n¨ ]mT§fnð Pohn¡pI, A{XXsó.


AXnhÀ¯\¯nsâ ssPh ]mTw


\nÀ½n¨ ]mT§fpsS kmaqlnI bmYmÀ°y¯nð Pohn¡pt¼mgpw `mj a\pjy\nð AXnhÀ¯\¯nsâ km[yX Xpd¡póp. PohcminbmsI ssPhtNmZ\bmð AXnhÀ¯n¡póXv Imes¯bmWv. Imew Hcp A\p`haÞew BIpótXmsSbmWv a\pjy³ Imes¯ AXnhÀ¯n¡pó kmt¦XnI hnZybnte¡v XncnbpóXv.


`mjm kmt¦XnI hnZybneqsSbmWv `mj a\pjy\v AXnhÀ¯\¯nsâ D]IcWamIpóXv. Pohn¨ncn¡pI FóXv kwkmcn¡pI FóXmsWóv \madnbpóXv acn¡pt¼mÄ aäpÅhÀ¡v kwkmcn¡m³ Ignbnñ Fó A\p`h¯nð \nómWv. kwkmcn¡pI, kwkmcw tIÄ¡pI FóXv kvt\ln¡emsWóv \madnbpóXv kwkmcn¡msX, kwkmcw tIÄ¡msX kvt\ln¡m³ Ignbnñ Fódnbpt¼mgmWv.


kwkmc¯nð \mw D]tbmKn¡póXv hfsc Ipd¨pt\cw am{Xw \ne\nð¡pó iÐs¯bmWv. Fómð iÐw D¨cn¡s¸Spó \nanjt¯¡v am{Xta \ne\nð¡q. AXpsImïpXsó iЯnð \mw kónthin¸n¨ AÀ°hpw, AÀ°hpw iÐhpw tNÀóp \nÀ½n¨ bmYmÀ°yhpw \nanj§Ä¡pÅnð Xsó CñmXmIpóp. a\pjys\ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw Cu CñmXmIens\ Hgnhmt¡ïXpïv. ssPhnIamb CñmXmIens\ ]p\cpev]mZ¯neqsS P\nXIambn PohnIÄ AXnhÀ¯n¡póp. Fómð a\pjy\v CXp am{Xw t]mcm. ssPhk¯tbmsSm¸w Xm³ \nÀ½n¨ ]mT§sf¡qSn Ah³ asämcp Ime¯nte¡v AXnhÀ¯n¸n¡póp. BZy`mjm kmt¦XnI hnZybmb Fgp¯neqsSbmWnXv km[yamIpóXv. Ime¯nepff iЯnsâ \izcXsb Zriy¯nâ tcJs¸Sp¯pó {]Xe¯nâ A\izcXbneqsSbmWnXv kmt¦XnIambv km[yam¡póXv.


PohnXs¯ {]Wbn¡pt¼mÄ, Pohn¡m\mbn A²zm\n¡pt¼mÄ kacw sN¿pt¼mÄ \mw \S¯póXv Hmtcm Pohnbnepw \S¯póXv P\nXI Fgp¯mWv. AXmbvXv PnhnX¯neqsS \mw \½nð Xsó FgpXpóp. AXp asämcp Ime¯nð asämcp Xeapdbnð hmbn¡s¸Spóp. AXpsImïmWv Hmtcm Xeapd Ignbpt¼mgpw sNSnbnse ]q¡Ä IqSpXð kpµcamIpóXv. ]q¡Ä IqSpXð kpµcw Bsb¦nte ie`w sNSnbnte¡v BIÀjn¡s¸Sq. ie`w ]qhnse¯nsb¦nte ]cmKWw \S¡pIbpw sNSn Pòm´c§fneqsS \ne\nð¡pIbpw sN¿q. sNSnbqw, ie`hpw Infnbpw a\pjy\pw ssPh]camb Cu P\nXI Fgp¯nð ]¦ptNcpIbpw Imes¯ ssPhnIambv AXnhÀ¯n¡pIbpw sN¿póp. AXpsImïmWv ssPhaÞe¯nð \S¡pó Hmtcm CW tNcepw Hmtcm hn\nabamIpóXv. Hmtcm Fgp¯mIpóXv. Imes¯ AXnhÀ¯n¡pó ssPh ss\c´cy¯nsâ Hcp am\hnI _nµphnemWv \mw {]Wbn¡pI.


AXnhÀ¯\¯nsâ ssPhXzc hn\nab¯n\mbv ]qÀ®ambv ssPhnIañm¯ Hcp am[yaw sXscsªSp¡pt¼mgmWv \mw `mjbneqsS {]Wbw Adnbn¡póXv. {]Wb¯nsâ ssPthÑbpw `mjbpsS kmaqlnI CÑbpw X½nednbpóXv {]Wb¯nsâ `mjbnemWv. AsXmcp kpµc kwLÀjwXsóbmWv. AXpsImïmWv _joÀ ‘Fsâ Ictf’ FóXn\v ‘slsâ Ictf’ Fóv IYbnsegpXnbXv. AXpsImïmWv au\w {]Wb¯nð hmNmeamIpóXv.


hn\nabs¯¸än ]dbpó GXp ssk²m´nI amXrIbpw ssPhhn\nabs¯ ]änbpÅ At\zjW¯nð \nóp thWw XpS§phm³. hn\nab¯nsâ P\nXI ]mThpw `mjbpsS kmaqlnI ]mThpw tNÀóncn¡pt¼mgmWv ie`w {]WbamIpI, Hmtcm hm¡pw {]WbtcWp¡fmIpI, `mj icocamIpI. ssPhhn\nab¯nsâ A\kyqX ss\c´cy¯nð a\pjy³ {]Wbn¡ms\ó t]mse kwkmcn¡m\pw hn[n¡s¸«ncn¡póp. hN\añ icocamhpI, am\hnIamb icocwXsóbmWv hN\amhpI.